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Sarakolle Bakiri dressed for war : Illustration of "Voyage dans l'Afrique occidentale, comprenant l'exploration du Sénégal... exécuté en 1843 et 1844..."/ Anne Raffenel, Paris, Arthus Bertrand, 1846 (Detail) © Bnf - Gallica |
That song tells about the war leaded by Fula Moslems against the pagan kingdom of N'Kaabu, and more precisely the beginning of this war started at the end of the XIX° century, the so-callled «war of Manda ». The causes of this war are summarized by KESTELOOT Lilyan and DIENG Bassirou, The Epics of black Africa :
« The king of Gabou [Janke Wali] sent messengers to the village of Manda, where Sarakolle people (or Soninke) has setlled down and they breed up lot of horses. These Sarakolle were established on an area that had been yielded to them by Fulas people from Fouta Djallon. They had been converted to Islam and were very pious. These Moslem villages, « morikunda », were increasingly numerous. So they forced the messengers of Gabou to do prayers in the Moslem way, who came only to buy horses. The messengers of Gabou refused the beads, and they were all killed except only one, who had to go back in Kansala to return account to the king. »
This song focuses on the heroic figure of king Janke Wali and his general Nalin (Ngaleng) Sonko.
Literally, « Bani » means: « the refusal ». Indeed, a recurring topic of the song is «the refusal» :
- refusal of the beads by the messengers from Gabu.
- the tenacity of the untiring king Janke Wali against the enemy and his refusal of any concession that would prejudice his tactics.
Exactly, a great part of the song should be read as the funeral praise of (G') Nalin Sonko, Gabunke warchief of king Janke Wali who was quite tough, and had been killed in the battle of Berekolon.
You should notice that the song « Bani » became so famous in every West Africa Manding countries that the jèlílu from Casamance took up the main musical theme to create for their own the song called « Sanou », a praising song devoted to a family or a jèlía jèlí (plural, jèlílu) is a bard, loremaster, and praise-singer in the Manding areas whose functions are story-telling, speaking about lineages, singing and playing music as he want and hear it... Read more.'s benefactor. Since that time, in Casamance and Senegal, the song « Sanou » is very appreciated and often sung.
The reason why this title had been chosen is that one verse often quoted in «Bani» song talks about the word « Sanou », meaning « gold » in Mandinka tongue in order to refer about the incorruptibility of (G') Nalin Sonko : it is said so in that verse :
Once you have (a lot of) gold, your soul will be spoiled,
Once you have (a lot of), your soul will be spoiled !
Ah, you have always refused !
Sonko refused, he doesn't fight for money ! |
Sanou i yé mô do fé lambè tila,
Wari i yé mô do fé lambè tila !
Ah, i bani lé,
Sonko ban ni, wari a tè kélè la ! |
In Mali, the song «Bani» was renewed in honor of Sanunge Guimba Keita, district chief of Marambugu, traditional chief of Kangaba who resisted heroically to the penetration of the French.
Note also that the song is called by balafolálu (balafon players) « Magadi » (Makhadi).
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